Kaaba
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| Ka'aba (Kaaba) | |
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| Location | Mecca, Saudi Arabia |
| Branch/tradition | Islam |
| Architectural information | |
| This article is part of the series: |
| Islam |
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The Kaaba (or Qaaba; Arabic: الكعبة al-Kaʿbah IPA: [ʔælˈkæʕbɐ]; English: The Cube)[1] is a cuboid-shaped building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the most sacred site in Islam.[2] The Qur'an states that the Kaaba was constructed by Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic), and his son Ishmael (Ismaeel in Arabic), after the latter had settled in Arabia.[3] The building has a mosque built around it, the Masjid al-Haram. All Muslims around the world face the Kaaba during prayers, no matter where they are. This is called facing the Qiblah.
One of the Five Pillars of Islam requires every Muslim to perform the Hajj
pilgrimage at least once in his or her lifetime if able to do so.
Multiple parts of the Hajj require pilgrims to walk seven times around
the Kaaba in a counter-clockwise direction (as viewed from above). This circumambulation, the Tawaf, is also performed by pilgrims during the Umrah (lesser pilgrimage).[2]
However, the most dramatic times are during the Hajj, when about 6
million pilgrims gather to circle the building on the same day.[4][5]
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[edit] Location and physical attributes
The Kaaba is located at 21°25′21.15″N 39°49′34.1″ECoordinates: 21°25′21.15″N 39°49′34.1″E inside the Masjid al-Ḥarām (A.: المسجد الحرام, the "Sacred Mosque") mosque in the center of Mecca (A.: كة Makkah). A large masonry structure in the shape of a cuboid, it is made of granite quarried from nearby hills. Standing upon a 25 cm (10 in) marble base that projects outwards about 35 cm (14 in),[2] it is approximately 13.1 m (43 ft) high, with sides measuring 11.03 m (36.2 ft) by 12.86 m (42.2 ft).[6][7].
Al-Ħajaru l-Aswad, "the Black Stone", is located in the Kaaba's eastern corner. Its northern corner is known as the Ruknu l-ˤĪrāqī, "the Iraqi corner", its western as the Ruknu sh-Shāmī, "the Levantine corner", and its southern as Ruknu l-Yamanī "the Yemeni corner".[2][7] The four corners of the Kaaba roughly point toward the four cardinal directions of the compass.[2] Its major (long) axis is aligned with the rising of the star Canopus toward which its southern wall is directed, while its minor axis (its east-west facades) roughly align with the sunrise of summer solstice and the sunset of winter solstice.[8][9]
The Kaaba is covered by a black silk and gold curtain known as the kiswah, which is replaced annually during the Hajj pilgrimage.[10][11] Two-thirds of the way up is a band of gold embroidered Qur'anic text, including the Shahada, the Islamic declaration of faith.
In modern times, entry to the Kaaba's interior is only permitted on
rare occasions for a small number of guests. The entrance is a door set
2 m (7 ft) above the ground on the north-eastern wall of the Kaaba,
which acts as the façade.[2] In 1979 the 300 kg gold doors made by chief artist Ahmad bin Ibrahim Badr, replaced the old silver doors made by his father, Ibrahim Badr in 1942.[12] There is a wooden staircase on wheels, usually stored in the mosque between the arch-shaped gate of Banū Shaybah and the Zamzam Well.
Inside the Kaaba, the floor is made of marble and limestone. The
interior walls are clad with marble halfway to the roof; The marble is
inset with Qur'anic
inscriptions. The wall directly adjacent to the entrance of the Kaaba
has six tablets inlaid with inscriptions. The top part of the walls are
covered with a green cloth embroidered with gold Qur'anic
verses. Caretakers anoint the marble cladding with scented oil used on
the Black Stone outside. Three pillars stand inside the Kaaba, with a
small altar set between one and the other two. Lamp-like objects (possible crucible censers) hang by a rope above the platform.
There is also a semi-circular wall opposite, but not connected to, the north-west wall of the Kaaba known as the hatīm. This is 90 cm (35 in) in height and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in width, and is composed of white marble. At one time the space lying between the hatīm and the Kaaba belonged to the Kaaba itself, and for this reason it is not entered during the tawaf. Some believe that the graves of prophet Ismail and his mother Hajar[2] are located in this space.
Muslims throughout the world face the Kaaba during prayers, which they perform five times a day. For most places around the world, coordinates for Mecca suffice. Worshippers in the Masjid al-Haram pray in Concentric circles around the Kaaba.
- Black Stone on the south-east corner.
- Entry door, on the East wall 2.13 metres above ground level. It is accessed using a set of portable steps.
- Rainwater spout made of gold. This was added in the rebuilding of 1627 after the previous year's rain caused three of the four walls to collapse.
- Gutter, also added in 1627 to protect the foundation from groundwater.
- Hatim, a low wall originally part of the Kaaba. Pilgrims do not walk in the area between this wall and the Kaaba. Some believe this area contains the graves of Hajar and Ismail.
- Al-Multazam, the part of the wall between the Black Stone and the entry door.
- Station of Abraham, a glass and metal enclosure with what is said to be an imprint of Abraham's foot.Abraham is said to have stood on this stone during the construction of the upper parts of the Kaaba, raising Ismail on his shoulders for the uppermost parts.[13]
- Corner of the Black Stone (South-East).
- Corner of Yemen (South-West). Pilgrims traditionally acknowledge a large vertical stone that forms this corner.
- Corner of Syria (North-West).
- Corner of Iraq (North-East).
- Kiswa, the embroidered covering, replaced annually.
- Marble stripe marking the beginning and end of each circumperambulation.
- Post of Mohammed Azzaam Ekkeri.[14]
[edit] Black Stone
Main article: Black Stone
The Black Stone is a significant feature of the Kaaba, stated by Muslims to have been placed there by Ibrahim (Abraham) and Ismail (Ishmael), a stone from paradise sent by the angels to Ibrahim.[15]
Located at the eastern corner of the Kaaba, it is about 30 cm (12 in)
in diameter and surrounded by a silver frame. Although not strictly
obligatory, pilgrims can kiss the Stone, as Muhammad is said to have
done. Islamic sources do not consider kissing the Black Stone to be idolatry.[16] The following passage gives an insight into the significance of the Black Stone in Islam:
Narrated 'Abis bin Rabia: Umar came near the Black Stone and kissed it and said, "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither benefit anyone nor harm anyone. Had I not seen God's Apostle kissing you, I would not have kissed you."—al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Ismail, Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 2, Book 26, Number 667.
Large crowds can make kissing the Stone impossible, so as pilgrims walk round the Kaaba they point to the Stone on each pass.[17]
[edit] In the Qur'an
The Qur'an states that Abraham, together with Ishmael, raised the foundations of the holy house.[18] God had shown Abraham the exact site, very near to the Well of Zamzam,
where Abraham and Ishmael began work on the Kaaba's construction or,
according to tradition, reconstruction as Muslims generally believe that
Adam had made it first and that it had been rebuilt by Noah after the Deluge.[19] After Abraham had built the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone, a celestial stone that, according to tradition, had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill Abu Qubays.[20] According to a saying attributed to Muhammad, the Black Stone had "descended from Paradise whiter than milk but the sins of the sons of Adam had made it black".[21]
After the placing of the Black Stone(الحجر الا سود)alhagar alaswad
with Arabic in the Eastern corner of the Kaaba, Abraham received a
revelation, in which God
told the aged prophet that he should now go and proclaim the pilgrimage
to mankind, so that men may come both from Arabia and from lands far
away, on camel and on foot.[22] Going by the dates attributed to the patriarchs, Abraham is believed to have been born in roughly 2150 BCE, with Isaac being born a hundred years later.[20]
Therefore, Islamic scholars have generally assumed that the Kaaba was
constructed by Abraham around 2130 BCE. The Kaaba is, therefore,
believed by Muslims to be more than a millennium older than Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem, which is believed to have been finished in 1007 BCE.[20] These dates remain consistent with the Muslim belief that the Kaaba is the first and thus oldest mosque in history.[20]
[edit] After Abraham and Ishmael
The pilgrimage, as established by Abraham, is believed to have been
uncorrupted in its early years. Then the faith of Abraham failed to grip
very many devoted followers. It was because "it presupposed too much
initial spirituality in its adherents to grip a large community".[23]
Although there were always a few people who continued to maintain
Abraham's teachings, this minority gradually came to have less power in
Mecca, and soon the Kaaba became a shrine devoted to idols.[23]
[edit] Qibla and prayer
Main article: Qibla
The Qibla is the Muslim name for the direction faced during prayer.[Quran 2:143–144] It is the focal point for prayer.
[edit] Before Muhammad
See also: Pre-Islamic Arabia and Jahiliyyah
The early Arabian
population consisted primarily of warring nomadic tribes. When they did
converge peacefully, it was usually under the protection of religious
practices.[24] Writing in the Encyclopedia of Islam, Wensinck identifies Mecca with a place called Macoraba mentioned by Ptolemy. His text is believed to date from the second century AD, about 500 years before the coming of Muhammad,[25]
and described it as a foundation in southern Arabia, built around a
sanctuary. It probably did not become an area of religious pilgrimage
until around 500 A.D. It was then that the Quraysh tribe (into which Muhammad was later born) took control of Macoraba, and made an agreement with the local Kinana Bedouins for possession.[26]
The sanctuary itself, located in a barren valley surrounded by
mountains, was probably built at the location of the water source today
known as the Zamzam Well, an area of considerable religious significance to Muslims.
In her book, Islam: A Short History, Karen Armstrong asserts that the Kaaba was dedicated to Hubal, a Nabatean deity, and contained 360 idols that either represented the days of the year,[27] or were effigies of the Arabian pantheon. Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian peninsula, whether Christian or pagan, would converge on Mecca to perform the Hajj.
Imoti[28]
contends that there were multiple such "Kaaba" sanctuaries in Arabia at
one time, but this was the only one built of stone. The others also
allegedly had counterparts of the Black Stone. There was a "red stone",
the deity of the south Arabian city of Ghaiman, and the "white stone" in the Kaaba of al-Abalat (near the city of Tabala, south of Mecca). Grunebaum in Classical Islam points out that the experience of divinity of that period was often associated with stone fetishes, mountains, special rock formations, or "trees of strange growth."[29]
The Kaaba was thought to be at the center of the world with the Gate of
Heaven directly above it. The Kaaba marked the location where the
sacred world intersected with the profane, and the embedded Black Stone was a further symbol of this as a meteorite that had fallen from the sky and linked heaven and earth.[30]
According to Sarwar,[31]
about 400 years before the birth of Muhammad, a man named "Amr bin
Lahyo bin Harath bin Amr ul-Qais bin Thalaba bin Azd bin Khalan bin
Babalyun bin Saba", who was descended from Qahtan and king of Hijaz
(the northwestern section of Saudi Arabia, which encompassed the cities
of Mecca and Medina), had placed a Hubal idol onto the roof of the
Kaaba, and this idol was one of the chief deities of the ruling Quraysh.
The idol was made of red agate, and shaped like a human, but with the
right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand. When the idol was
moved inside the Kaaba, it had seven arrows in front of it, which were
used for divination.[citation needed]
To maintain peace among the perpetually warring tribes, Mecca was
declared a sanctuary where no violence was allowed within 20 miles
(32 km) of the Kaaba. This combat-free zone allowed Mecca to thrive not
only as a place of pilgrimage, but also as a trading center.[32]
Edward Gibbon suggested that the Ka'bah was mentioned by ancient Greek writer Diodorus Siculus before the Christian era:
The genuine antiquity of Caaba ascends beyond the Christian era: in describing the coast of the Red sea the Greek historian Diodorus has remarked, between the Thamudites and the Sabeans, a famous temple, whose superior sanctity was revered by all the Arabians; the linen of silken veil, which is annually renewed by the Turkish emperor, was first offered by the Homerites, who reigned seven hundred years before the time of Mohammad.—Edward Gibbon, Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire, Volume V, pp. 223–224
However, Gibbon had misinterpreted Siculus's text. Siculus described
the location of this temple to be on a bay that extends deep in land to a
distance of about 500 stades (about 80 km) and that the entrance of this bay is obstructed by a rock extending into the sea. Here is the description from Diodorus Siculus:
Next after these plains as one skirts the coast comes a gulf of extraordinary nature. It runs, namely, to a point deep into the land, extends in length a distance of some five hundred stades, and shut in as it is by crags which are of wondrous size, its mouth is winding and hard to get out of; for a rock which extends into the sea obstructs its entrance and so it is impossible for a ship either to sail into or out of the gulf. Furthermore, at times when the current rushes in and there are frequent shiftings of the winds, the surf, beating upon the rocky beach, roars and rages all about the projecting rock. The inhabitants of the land about the gulf, who are known as Banizomenes, find their food by hunting the land animals and eating their meat. And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians.—Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica volume iii.44, p. 217
There is no bay that matches this description along the coast near
Mecca. Furthermore, Siculus describes this area as lying between the
Thamudites and the Nabataeans,
not the Thamudites and the Sabeans as Gibbon erroneously stated, which
would put it much farther to the north, around the area of Tabuk. It is
widely believed that this bay and temple described by Diodorus is in
fact the bay adjacent to Ash-Sharmah in Tabuk Province.[33]
In Makkan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Patricia Crone
argues that the identification of Macoraba with Mecca is false, and
that Macoraba was a town in southern Arabia in what was then known as Arabia Felix.[34]
Crone was responded to by Dr. Amaal Muhammad Al-Roubi in his book "A Response to Patrica Crone's book".[35][36]
G. E. von Grunebaum says,
Mecca is mentioned by Ptolemy, and the name he gives it allows us to identify it as a South Arabian foundation created around a sanctuary.—G. E. Von Grunebaum, Classical Islam: A History 600-1258, p. 19
Many Muslim and academic historians stress the power and importance
of the pre-Islamic Mecca. They depict it as a city grown rich on the
proceeds of the spice trade.
Crone believes that this is an exaggeration and that Mecca may only
have been an outpost trading with nomads for leather, cloth, and camel
butter. Crone argues that if Mecca had been a well-known center of
trade, it would have been mentioned by later authors such as Procopius,
Nonnosus, and the Syrian church chroniclers writing in Syriac. However,
the town is absent from any geographies or histories written in the
three centuries before the rise of Islam.[37]
According to The Encyclopædia Britannica, "before the rise of Islam it was revered as a sacred sanctuary and was a site of pilgrimage."[38] According to German historian Eduard Glaser, the name "Kaaba" may have been related to the southern Arabian or Ethiopian word "mikrab", signifying a temple.[25] Again, Crone disputes this etymology.
[edit] Muhammad
At the time of Muhammad
(CE 570–632 A.D), his tribe, the Quraysh, was in charge of the Kaaba,
which was at that time a shrine containing hundreds of idols
representing Arabian tribal gods
and other religious figures. Muhammad earned the enmity of his tribe by
claiming the Kaaba to be dedicated to the worship of the one God alone,
and all the idols evicted. The Quraysh persecuted and harassed him
continuously,[citation needed] and he and his followers eventually migrated to Medina in 622.
Islamic histories also mention a reconstruction of the Kaaba around 600 A.D. A story found in Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasūl Allāh,
one of the biographies of Muhammad (as reconstructed and translated by
Guillaume), describes Muhammad settling a quarrel between Meccan clans
as to which clan should set the Black Stone
cornerstone in place. According to Ishaq's biography, Muhammad's
solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a
cloak, and then Muhammad set the stone into its final place with his own
hands.[40][41] Ibn Ishaq says that the timber for the reconstruction of the Kaaba came from a Greek ship that had been wrecked on the Red Sea coast at Shu'ayba, and the work was undertaken by a Coptic carpenter called Baqum.[42]
After this migration, or Hijra, the Muslim community became a political and military force, continuously repelling Meccan attacks. In 630 A.D, two years after signing the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah,
the Meccan Quraysh attacked the Bedouin Khuza'a, thereby breaking the
peace treaty. The Muslims emerged as victors in the battle that followed
this incident and Muhammad entered Mecca with his followers; they
proceeded to the Kaaba. However, he refused to enter the Kaaba while
there were idols in it, and sent Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Mughira ibn Shu'ba to remove them.[43][44][45]
Narrated Ibn Abbas: When Allah's Apostle arrived in Mecca, he refused to enter the Ka'ba while there were idols in it. So he ordered that they be taken out. The pictures of the (Prophets) Abraham and Ishmael, holding arrows of divination in their hands, were carried out. The Prophet said, "May Allah ruin them (i.e. the infidels) for they knew very well that they (i.e. Abraham and Ishmael) never drew lots by these (divination arrows). Then the Prophet entered the Ka'ba and said. "Allahu Akbar" in all its directions and came out and not offer any prayer therein.—Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book 59, Hadith 584
The Kaaba was re-dedicated as an Islamic house of worship, and henceforth, the annual pilgrimage was to be a Muslim rite, the Hajj, with visits to the Kaaba and other sacred sites around Mecca.[46]
It is also the birth place of ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib, the fourth caliph and cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[46]
[edit] In Islamic history
The Kaaba has been repaired and reconstructed many times since Muhammad's day. Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, an early Muslim who ruled Mecca for many years between the death of ʿAli and the consolidation of Ummayad power, is said to have demolished the old Kaaba and rebuilt it to include the hatīm.[47] He did so on the basis of a tradition (found in several hadith collections[48]) that the hatīm was a remnant of the foundations of the Abrahamic Kaaba, and that Muhammad himself had wished to rebuild so as to include it.
This structure was destroyed (or partially destroyed) in 683 A.D, during the war between Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and Umayyad forces commanded by Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef. Al-Hajjaj used stone-throwing catapults against the Meccans.
The Ummayads under ʿAbdu l-Malik ibn Marwan finally reunited all the former Islamic possessions and ended the long civil war. In 693 A.D he had the remnants of al-Zubayr's Kaaba razed, and rebuilt on the foundations set by the Quraysh.[49] The Kaaba returned to the cube shape it had taken during Muhammad's time.
During the Hajj of 930 A.D, the Qarmatians
attacked Mecca, defiled the Zamzam Well with the bodies of pilgrims and
stole the Black Stone, taking it to the oasis region of Eastern Arabia
known as al-Aḥsāʾ, where it remained until the Abbasids ransomed it in
952 A.D.
Apart from repair work, the basic shape and structure of the Kaaba have not changed since then.[50]
[edit] Cleaning
The building is opened twice a year for a ceremony known as "the
cleaning of the Ka'ba." This ceremony takes place roughly thirty days
before the start of the month of Ramadan and thirty days before the start of Hajj.
The keys to the Ka'ba are held by the Banī Shayba
(بني شيبة) tribe. Members of the tribe greet visitors to the inside of
the Kaaba on the occasion of the cleaning ceremony. A small number of
dignitaries and foreign diplomats are invited to participate in the
ceremony.[52]
The governor of Mecca leads the honoured guests who ritually clean the
structure, using simple brooms. Washing of the Ka'ba is done with a
mixture of water from the Zamzam Well and Persian rosewater.[53]
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