Dubai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city and emirate. For other uses, see Dubai (disambiguation).
| Dubai دبي |
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|---|---|---|---|
| — Emirate — | |||
| Emirate of Dubai | |||
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Dubai
|
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| Coordinates: 25°15′00″N 55°18′00″E | |||
| Country |  United Arab Emirates |
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| Emirate |  Dubai |
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| Incorporated (town) | 9 June 1833 | ||
| Independence from UK | 2 December 1971 | ||
| Founder | Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum | ||
| Seat | Dubai | ||
| Subdivisions | |||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Constitutional monarchy[1] | ||
| • Ruler | Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum | ||
| • Crown Prince | Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum | ||
| Area[2] | |||
| • Emirate | 4,114 km2 (1,588 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • Emirate | 2,262,000 | ||
| • Density | 408.18/km2 (1,057/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 3,410,737 | ||
| • Nationality (2005)[3] |
42.3% Indian 17% Emirati 13.3% Pakistani 7.5% Bangladeshi 2.5% Filipino 1.5% Sri Lankan 0.9% European 0.3% American 5.7% other countries |
||
| Time zone | UAE standard time (UTC+4) | ||
| Website | Dubai Emirate Dubai Municipality |
||
Dubai (Arabic: دبيّ Dubeii; IPA: [du'beii]; English pronunciation: /duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY) is a sovereign state known as the emirate in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A city within the emirate is also named Dubai. The emirate is located south of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi.[4] Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature.[5] Dubai City is located on the emirate's northern coastline.
The earliest mention of Dubai is in 1095, and the earliest settlement
known as Dubai town dates from 1799. Dubai was formally established in
1833 by Sheikh Maktoum bin Buti al Maktoum when he persuaded 800 members
of the Bani Yas tribe, living in what is now part of Saudi Arabia, to
follow him to the Dubai Creek by the Al Abu Falasa clan of Bani Yas. It remained under clan control when the United Kingdom assumed the protection of Dubai in 1892.[6] Its geographical location made it an important trading hub and by the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port.
In 1966, oil was discovered, Dubai and the emirate of Qatar set up a new monetary unit to replace the Gulf Rupee.
The oil economy led to a massive influx of foreign workers, quickly
expanding the city by 300% and bringing in international oil interests.
The modern emirate of Dubai was created after the UK left the area in
1971. At this time Dubai, together with Abu Dhabi and four other
emirates, formed the United Arab Emirates. The following year Ras al Khaimah joined the federation while Qatar and Bahrain chose to remain independent nations. In 1973, the monetary union with Qatar was dissolved and the UAE Dirham introduced throughout the UAE. A free trade zone was built around the Jebel Ali port in 1979, allowing foreign companies unrestricted import of labor and export capital. The Gulf War
of 1990 had a negative financial effect on the city, as depositors
withdrew their money and traders withdrew their trade, but subsequently
the city recovered in a changing political climate and thrived.
Today, Dubai City has emerged as a global city and a business hub.[7] Although Dubai's economy was built on the oil industry, the emirate's model of business drives its economy, with the effect that its main revenues are now from tourism, real estate, and financial services, similar to that of Western countries.[8][9][10]
Dubai has recently attracted world attention through many innovative
large construction projects and sports events. This increased attention
has highlighted labour rights and human rights issues concerning its
largely South Asian workforce.[11] Almost half the population of Dubai comprises Indians.
Dubai's property market experienced a major deterioration in 2008 and
2009 as a result of the worldwide economic downturn following the financial crisis of 2007–2010.[12]
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Etymology
In the 1820s, Dubai was referred to as Al Wasl by British historians. Few records pertaining to the cultural history of the UAE or its constituent emirates exist and because of the region's oral traditions, folklore and myth were not written down. The linguistic origins of the word Dubai are disputed; some believe it to have originated from the Persian language,
while some believe that Arabic is its linguistic root. According to
Fedel Handhal, a researcher in the history and culture of the UAE, the
word Dubai may have come from the word Daba (a derivative of Yadub, which means to creep); referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, but to its alternative meaning of locust.[13]
[edit] History
Main article: History of Dubai
The current Sales Directive of Dubai is Bruce Desmond or the United Kingdom, who is close friends with the Royal Family.
Although stone tools have been found at many sites, little is known
about UAE's early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found.[14] Many ancient towns in the area were trading centers between the Eastern and Western worlds. The remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp, dated at 7,000 BC, were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City.
The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast
retreated inland, becoming a part of the city's present coastline.[14] [15] Pre Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th century.[16] Prior to Islam, the people in this region worshiped Bajir (or Bajar).[16] The Byzantine and Sassanian
(Persian) empires constituted the great powers of the period, with the
Sassanians controlling much of the region. After the spread of Islam in
the area, the Umayyad Caliph, of the eastern Islamic world, invaded south-east Arabia and drove out the Sassanians. Excavations by the Dubai Museum in the region of Al-Jumayra (Jumeirah) found several artifacts from the Umayyad period.[17]
The earliest recorded mention of Dubai is in 1095, in the "Book of Geography" by the Andalusian-Arab geographer Abu Abdullah al-Bakri. The Venetian pearl merchant Gaspero Balbi visited the area in 1580 and mentioned Dubai (Dibei) for its pearling industry.[17] Since 1799, there has been a settlement known as Dubai town.[18] In the early 19th century, the Al Abu Falasa clan (House of Al-Falasi) of Bani Yas clan established Dubai, which remained a dependent of Abu Dhabi until 1833.[19] On 8 January 1820, the sheikh of Dubai and other sheikhs in the region signed the "General Maritime Peace Treaty" with the British government.[14]
In 1833, following tribal feuding, the Al Maktoum dynasty (also
descendants of the House of Al-Falasi) of the Bani Yas tribe left their
ancestral home of the Liwa Oasis, South-west of the settlement of Abu Dhabi and quickly took over Dubai from the Abu Fasala clan without resistance.[19]
Dubai came under the protection of the United Kingdom by the
"Exclusive Agreement" of 1892, in which the UK agreed to protect Dubai
against the Ottoman Empire.[19] Two catastrophes struck the town during the 1800s. First, in 1841, a smallpox epidemic broke out in the Bur Dubai locality, forcing residents to relocate east to Deira. Then, in 1894, fire swept through Deira, burning down most homes.[20]
However, the town's geographical location continued to attract traders
and merchants from around the region. The emir of Dubai was keen to
attract foreign traders and lowered trade tax brackets, which lured
traders away from Sharjah and Bandar Lengeh,
the region's main trade hubs at the time. Persian merchants naturally
looked across to the Arab shore of the Persian Gulf finally making their
homes in Dubai. They continued to trade with Lingah, however, as do
many of the dhows in Dubai Creek today, and they named their district
Bastakiya, after the Bastak region in southern Persia.[20][21]
Dubai's geographical proximity to Iran made it an important trade
location. The town of Dubai was an important port of call for foreign
tradesmen, chiefly those from Iran, many of whom eventually settled in
the town. By the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important
port.[18]
Dubai was known for its pearl exports until the 1930s; the pearl trade
was damaged irreparably by World War I, and later on by the Great Depression
in the 1930s. With the collapse of the pearling industry, Dubai fell
into a deep depression and many residents starved or migrated to other
parts of the Persian Gulf.[14]
In the early days since its inception, Dubai was constantly at odds with Abu Dhabi. In 1947, a border dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi on the northern sector of their mutual border, escalated into war.[22]
Arbitration by the British and the creation of a buffer frontier
running south eastwards from the coast at Ras Hasian resulted in a
temporary cessation of hostilities.[23]
Electricity, telephone services, and an airport were established in
Dubai in the 1950s, when the British moved their local administrative
offices there from Sharjah.[24]
After years of exploration following large finds in neighbouring Abu
Dhabi, oil was eventually discovered in Dubai in 1971, albeit in far
smaller quantities, after which the town granted concessions to
international oil companies. The discovery of oil led to a massive
influx of foreign workers, mainly Indians and Pakistanis. Between 1968
and 1975 the city's population grew by over 300%.[25]
On 2 December 1971 Dubai, together with Abu Dhabi and five other emirates, formed the United Arab Emirates after the former protector, Britain, left the Persian Gulf in 1971.[26] In 1973, Dubai joined the other emirates to adopt a uniform currency: the UAE dirham.[18]
In the 1970s, Dubai continued to grow from revenues generated from oil
and trade, even as the city saw an influx of immigrants fleeing the Lebanese civil war.[27]
Border disputes between the emirates continued even after the formation
of the UAE; it was only in 1979 that a formal compromise was reached
that ended hostilities.[28] The Jebel Ali port was established in 1979. Jafza (Jebel Ali Free Zone) was built around the port in 1985 to provide foreign companies unrestricted import of labour and export capital.[29]
The Gulf War
of 1990 had a huge effect on the city. Depositors withdrew massive
amounts of money from Dubai banks due to uncertain political conditions
in the region. Later in the 1990s many foreign trading communities—first
from Kuwait, during the Gulf War, and later from Bahrain, during the Shia unrest—moved their businesses to Dubai.[21] Dubai provided refuelling bases to allied forces at the Jebel Ali free zone during the Gulf War, and again during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Large increases in oil prices after the Gulf War encouraged Dubai to continue to focus on free trade and tourism.[30]
[edit] Geography
Main article: Geography of Dubai
Dubai is situated on the Persian Gulf
coast of the United Arab Emirates and is roughly at sea level
(16 m/52 ft above). The emirate of Dubai shares borders with Abu Dhabi
in the south, Sharjah in the northeast, and the Sultanate of Oman in the southeast. Hatta, a minor exclave of the emirate, is surrounded on three sides by Oman and by the emirates of Ajman (in the west) and Ras Al Khaimah (in the north). The Persian Gulf borders the western coast of the emirate. Dubai is positioned at 25.2697°N 55.3095°E and covers an area of 1,588 sq mi (4,110 km2), which represents a significant expansion beyond its initial 1,500 sq mi (3,900 km2) designation due to land reclamation from the sea.
Dubai lies directly within the Arabian Desert.
However, the topography of Dubai is significantly different from that
of the southern portion of the UAE in that much of Dubai's landscape is
highlighted by sandy desert patterns, while gravel deserts dominate much
of the southern region of the country.[31]
The sand consists mostly of crushed shell and coral and is fine, clean
and white. East of the city, the salt-crusted coastal plains, known as sabkha, give way to a north-south running line of dunes. Farther east, the dunes grow larger and are tinged red with iron oxide.[25]
The flat sandy desert gives way to the Western Hajar Mountains,
which run alongside Dubai's border with Oman at Hatta. The Western
Hajar chain has an arid, jagged and shattered landscape, whose mountains
rise to about 1,300 meters in some places. Dubai has no natural river
bodies or oases; however, Dubai does have a natural inlet, Dubai Creek,
which has been dredged to make it deep enough for large vessels to pass
through. Dubai also has multiple gorges and waterholes which dot the
base of the Western Al Hajar mountains. A vast sea of sand dunes covers
much of southern Dubai, and eventually leads into the desert known as The Empty Quarter. Seismically, Dubai is in a very stable zone—the nearest seismic fault line, the Zagros Fault, is 200 km (124.27 mi) from the UAE and is unlikely to have any seismic impact on Dubai.[32] Experts also predict that the possibility of a tsunami in the region is minimal because the Persian Gulf waters are not deep enough to trigger a tsunami.[32]
The sandy desert surrounding the city supports wild grasses and occasional date palms. Desert hyacinths grow in the sabkha plains east of the city, while acacia and ghaf
trees grow in the flat plains within the proximity of the Western Al
Hajar mountains. Several indigenous trees such as the date palm and neem as well as imported trees like the eucalypts grow in Dubai's natural parks. The houbara bustard, striped hyena, caracal, desert fox, falcon and Arabian oryx
are common in Dubai's desert. Dubai is on the migration path between
Europe, Asia and Africa, and more than 320 migratory bird species pass
through the emirate in spring and autumn. The waters of Dubai are home
to more than 300 species of fish, including the hammour. The typical marine life off the Dubai coast includes tropical Fish, jellyfish, coral, dugong, dolphins, whales and sharks. Various types of turtles can also be found in the area including the Hawksbill turtle and Green Turtle which are listed as endangered species.[33][34]
Dubai Creek runs northeast-southwest through the city. The eastern section of the city forms the locality of Deira and is flanked by the emirate of Sharjah in the east and the town of Al Aweer in the south. The Dubai International Airport is located south of Deira, while the Palm Deira is located north of Deira in the Persian Gulf. Much of Dubai's real-estate boom is concentrated to the west of the Dubai Creek, on the Jumeirah coastal belt. Port Rashid, Jebel Ali, Burj Al Arab, the Palm Jumeirah and theme-based free-zone clusters such as Business Bay are all located in this section.
[edit] Climate
Main article: Climate of Dubai
Dubai has a very hot arid climate. Summers in Dubai are extremely hot, windy and humid, with an average high around 42 °C (108 °F) and overnight lows around 29 °C (84 °F). Most days are sunny throughout the year. Winters are warm with an average high of 23 °C (73 °F) and overnight lows of 14 °C (57 °F). Precipitation, however, has been increasing in the last few decades with accumulated rain reaching 250 mm (9.84 in) per year.[35] Dubai summers are also known for the high humidity level, which can make it uncomfortable for many.[36]
| [hide]Climate data for Dubai | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31 (88) |
31 (88) |
41 (106) |
41 (106) |
45 (113) |
45 (113) |
47 (117) |
48 (118) |
43 (109) |
40 (104) |
41 (106) |
31 (88) |
48 (118) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 24.0 (75.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
28.2 (82.8) |
32.9 (91.2) |
37.6 (99.7) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.8 (105.4) |
41.3 (106.3) |
38.9 (102.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19 (66) |
20 (68) |
22.5 (72.5) |
26 (79) |
30.5 (86.9) |
33 (91) |
34.5 (94.1) |
35.5 (95.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
29 (84) |
24.5 (76.1) |
21 (70) |
27.5 (81.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
24.6 (76.3) |
27.2 (81.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
30.2 (86.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
23.9 (75.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8 (46) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
8 (46) |
17 (63) |
22 (72) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
22 (72) |
16 (61) |
13 (55) |
10 (50) |
7 (45) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 15.6 (0.614) |
25.0 (0.984) |
21.0 (0.827) |
7.0 (0.276) |
0.4 (0.016) |
0.0 (0) |
0.8 (0.031) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
1.2 (0.047) |
2.7 (0.106) |
14.9 (0.587) |
88.6 (3.488) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 5 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 28 |
| Source no. 1: Dubai Meteorological Office[37] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: Qwikcast [38] | |||||||||||||
[edit] Governance and politics
Main article: Politics of the United Arab Emirates
Dubai's government operates within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, and has been ruled by the Al Maktoum family since 1833. The current ruler, His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, is also the Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and member of the Supreme Council of the Union (SCU). Dubai appoints eight members in two-term periods to the Federal National Council (FNC) of the UAE, the supreme federal legislative body.[39]
The Dubai Municipality (DM) was established by the then ruler of Dubai, Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum in 1954 for purposes of city planning, citizen services and upkeep of local facilities.[40] DM is chaired by Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum,
deputy ruler of Dubai and comprises several departments such as the
Roads Department, Planning and Survey Department, Environment and Public
Health Department and Financial Affairs Department. In 2001, Dubai
Municipality embarked on an e-Government project with the intention of providing 40 of its city services through its web portal, dubai.ae.
Thirteen such services were launched by October 2001, while several
other services were expected to be operational in the future.[41] Dubai Municipality is also in charge of the city's sanitation and sewage infrastructure.[42]
The Dubai Police Force, founded in 1956 in the locality of Naif,
has law enforcement jurisdiction over the emirate; the force is under
direct command of Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum, ruler of Dubai.
Dubai and Ras al Khaimah are the only emirates that do not conform to the federal judicial system of the United Arab Emirates.[43]
The emirate's judicial courts comprise the Court of First Instance, the
Court of Appeal, and the Court of Cassation. The Court of First
Instance consists of the Civil court, which hears all civil claims; the
Criminal Court, which hears claims originating from police complaints;
and Sharia Court,
which is responsible for matters between Muslims. Non-Muslims do not
appear before the Sharia Court. The Court of Cassation is the supreme
court of the emirate and hears disputes on matters of law only.[44]
[edit] Human rights
Main article: Human rights in Dubai
Article 25 of the Constitution of the UAE provides for the equitable treatment of persons with regard to race, nationality, religious beliefs or social status. However, many of Dubai's 250,000 foreign labourers live in conditions described by Human Rights Watch as being "less than human."[45][46][47] NPR
reports that workers "typically live eight to a room, sending home a
portion of their salary to their families, whom they don't see for years
at a time." On 21 March 2006, workers at the construction site of Burj Khalifa, upset over bus timings and working conditions, rioted: damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction tools.[48][49][50][51]
The global financial crisis has caused the working class of Dubai to be
affected especially badly, with many workers not being paid but also
being unable to leave the country.[52]
Alleged labour injustices in Dubai have attracted the attention of
various human rights groups, which have tried to persuade the government
to become a signatory to two of the International Labour Organization's
eight core conventions, which allows for the formation of labour
unions. The Dubai government, however, denied any kind of labour
injustices and stated that the watchdog's accusations were misguided.[53]
Towards the end of March 2006, the government announced steps to allow
construction unions. UAE labour minister Ali al-Kaabi said: "Labourers
will be allowed to form unions".[54]
Prostitution, though illegal, is conspicuously present in the emirate
because of its very large male/female imbalance. Research conducted by
the American Center for International Policy Studies
(AMCIPS) found that Russian and Ethiopian women are the most common
prostitutes, as well as women from some African countries, while Indian
prostitutes are part of a well organised trans-Oceanic prostitution
network.[55] A 2007 PBS documentary entitled Dubai: Night Secrets reported that prostitution in clubs is tolerated by authorities and many foreign women work there without being coerced.[55][56]
Two high-profle sexual assault incidents have received widespread
attention outside of Dubai. Alexandre Robert, a 15-year-old French-Swiss
living in Dubai with his hotel manager father, was repeatedly raped at
knifepoint by three men.[57] A British national stewardess for Emirates was viciously raped by a cab driver who was driving her home.[58]
[edit] Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Dubai
See also: Islam in the United Arab Emirates, Bahá'í Faith in the United Arab Emirates, Indians in the United Arab Emirates, and Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates
| Year | Population |
| 18221 | 1,200[59] |
| 19001 | 10,000[60] |
| 19301 | 20,000[61] |
| 19401 | 38,000[59] |
| 19541 | 20,000[59] |
| 19601 | 40,000[62] |
| 1968 | 58,971[63] |
| 1975 | 183,000[64] |
| 1985 | 370,800[65] |
| 1995 | 674,000[65] |
| 2005 | 1,204,000 |
| 1 The town of Dubai first conducted a census in 1968. All population figures in this table prior to 1968 are estimates obtained from various sources. | |
According to the census conducted by the Statistics Centre of Dubai,
the population of the emirate was 1,771,000 as of 2009, which included
1,370,000 males and 401,000 females.[66]
The region covers 497.1 square miles (1,287.4 km²). The population
density is 408.18/km² – more than eight times that of the entire
country. Dubai is the second most expensive city in the region, and 20th most expensive city in the world.[67]
As of 2005, 17% of the population of the emirate was made up of UAE nationals. Approximately 85% of the expatriate population (and 71% of the emirate's total population) was Asian, chiefly Indian (51%), Pakistani (16%), Bangladeshi (9%) and Filipino (3%) and a sizeable community of Somalis numbering around 30,000.[3][68] A quarter of the population however reportedly traces their origins to Iran.[69]
In addition, 16% of the population (or 288,000 persons) living in
collective labour accommodation were not identified by ethnicity or
nationality, but were thought to be primarily Asian.[70] The median age in the emirate was about 27 years. The crude birth rate, as of 2005, was 13.6%, while the crude death rate was about 1%.[71] The other languages spoken are MalayalamHindi, Bengali, Pashto, Urdu, Tamil, Tagalog, Persian, and Chinese, in addition to many other languages.[72]
Article 7 of the UAE's Provisional Constitution declares Islam the
official state religion of the UAE. The government subsidises almost 95%
of mosques and employs all Imams; approximately 5% of mosques are entirely private, and several large mosques have large private endowments.[73]
Dubai also has large Sikhs,Bahá'í,Buddhist, and other religious communities residing in the city.[74]
Non-Muslim groups can own their own houses of worship, where they can
practice their religion freely, by requesting a land grant and
permission to build a compound. Groups that do not have their own
buildings must use the facilities of other religious organisations or
worship in private homes.[75]
Non-Muslim religious groups are permitted to openly advertise group
functions; however, proselytising or distributing religious literature
is strictly prohibited under penalty of criminal prosecution,
imprisonment, and deportation for engaging in behaviour offensive to
Islam.[73]
[edit] Economy
Main article: Economy of Dubai
Dubai's gross domestic product as of 2008 was US$ 82.11 billion.[76] Although Dubai's economy was built on the back of the oil industry,[77] revenues from oil and natural gas currently account for less than 6% of the emirate's revenues.[8] It is estimated that Dubai produces 50,000 to 70,000 barrels (11,000 m3) of oil a day[78]
and substantial quantities of gas from offshore fields. The emirate's
share in UAE's gas revenues is about 2%. Dubai's oil reserves have
diminished significantly and are expected to be exhausted in 20 years.[79] Real estate and construction (22.6%),[10] trade (16%), entrepôt (15%) and financial services (11%) are the largest contributors to Dubai's economy.[80] Dubai's top exporting
destinations include India (US$ 5.8 billion), Switzerland (US$
2.37 billion) and Saudi Arabia (US$ 0.57 billion). Dubai's top
re-exporting destinations include India (US$ 6.53 billion), Iran (US$
5.8 billion) and Iraq (US$ 2.8 billion). The emirate's top import
sources are India (US$ 12.55 billion), China (US$ 11.52 billion) and the
United States (US$ 7.57 billion). As of 2009 India was Dubai's largest
trade partner.[81]
Historically, Dubai and its twin across the Dubai creek, Deira
(independent of Dubai City at that time), were important ports of call
for Western manufacturers. Most of the new city's banking and financial
centres were headquartered in the port area. Dubai maintained its
importance as a trade route through the 1970s and 1980s. Dubai has a
free trade in gold and, until the 1990s, was the hub of a "brisk
smuggling trade"[18] of gold ingots to India, where gold import was restricted. Dubai's Jebel Ali
port, constructed in the 1970s, has the largest man-made harbour in the
world and was ranked seventh globally for the volume of container
traffic it supports.[82] Dubai is also a hub for service industries such as information technology and finance, with industry-specific free zones throughout the city. Dubai Internet City, combined with Dubai Media City
as part of TECOM (Dubai Technology, Electronic Commerce and Media Free
Zone Authority) is one such enclave whose members include IT firms such
as EMC Corporation, Oracle Corporation, Microsoft, and IBM, and media organisations such as MBC, CNN, BBC, Reuters, Sky News and AP.
The government's decision to diversify from a trade-based, oil-reliant economy to one that is service and tourism-oriented made property
more valuable, resulting in the property appreciation from 2004–2006. A
longer-term assessment of Dubai's property market, however, showed
depreciation; some properties lost as much as 64% of their value from
2001 to November 2008.[83]
The large scale real estate development projects have led to the
construction of some of the tallest skyscrapers and largest projects in
the world such as the Emirates Towers, the Burj Khalifa, the Palm Islands and the world's fourth tallest, and most expensive hotel, the Burj Al Arab.[84] The Dubai Financial Market (DFM) was established in March 2000 as a secondary market for trading securities and bonds, both local and foreign. As of fourth quarter 2006, its trading volume stood at about 400 billion shares, worth $95 billion in total. The DFM had a market capitalisation of about $87 billion.[70]
Dubai's property market experienced a major downturn in 2008[85] and 2009 as a result of the slowing economic climate.[12] Mohammed al-Abbar, Chief Executive Officer of Emaar
told the international press in December 2008 that Emaar had credits of
$70 billion and the state of Dubai additional $10 billion while holding
estimated $350 billion in real estate assets. By early 2009, the
situation had worsened with the global economic crisis taking a heavy toll on property values, construction and employment.[86]
As of February 2009 Dubai's foreign debt was estimated at approximately
$80 billion, although this is a tiny fraction of the sovereign debt
worldwide.[87]
Dubai is also known as City of Gold, a major part of economy based on
Gold trades in Dubai, Dubai's total gold trading volumes in H1 2011
reached 580 tonnes (average price US$1,455)[88]
A City Mayors survey rated Dubai as 44th among the world's best financial cities in 2007,[89] while another report by City Mayors indicated that Dubai was the world's 33rd richest city in 2009, in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP).[90]
Dubai is also an international financial centre and has been ranked
37th within the top 50 global financial cities as surveyed by the
Mastercard Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index (2007),[91] and 1st within the Middle East.
[edit] Tourism and retail
See also: Tourism in Dubai
See also: List of tourist attractions in Dubai
Tourism is an important part of the Dubai government's strategy to
maintain the flow of foreign cash into the emirate. Dubai's lure for
tourists is based mainly on shopping[95] , but also on its possession of other ancient and modern attractions. As of 2010, Dubai was the 8th most visited city of the world.[96] Dubai is expected to accommodate over 15 million tourists by 2015.[97] Dubai is the most populous emirate of the seven emirates of United Arab Emirates. It is distinct from other members of the UAE in that a large part of the emirate's revenues are from tourism.[98]
Dubai has been called the "shopping capital of the Middle East".[99] Dubai alone has more than 70 shopping malls, including the world's largest shopping mall, Dubai Mall.
The city draws large numbers of shopping tourists from countries within
the region and from as far as Eastern Europe, Africa and the Indian
Subcontinent. While boutiques, some electronics shops, department stores
and supermarkets operate on a fixed-price basis, most other outlets
consider friendly negotiation a way of life.[100]
Dubai is also known for its souk districts located on either side of the creek. Traditionally, dhows
from the Far East, China, Sri Lanka, and India would discharge their
cargo and the goods would be bargained over in the souks adjacent to the
docks.[101] Many boutiques and jewellery stores are also found in the city. Dubai is known as "the City of Gold" and Gold Souk in Deira houses nearly 250 gold retail shops.[102] Dubai Duty Free Company at the Dubai International Airport offers merchandise catering to the multinational passengers using the airport.
[edit] Cityscape
[edit] Architecture
See also: List of tallest buildings in Dubai
Dubai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various architectural styles. Many modern interpretations of Islamic architecture
can be found here, due to a boom in construction and architectural
innovation in the Arab World in general, and in Dubai in particular,
supported not only by top Arab or international architectural and
engineering design firms such as Al Hashemi and Aedas, but also by top firms of New York and Chicago.[103]
As a result of this boom, modern Islamic – and world – architecture has
literally been taken to new levels in skyscraper building design and
technology. Dubai now boasts more completed or topped-out skyscrapers
higher than 2/3 km, 1/3 km, or 1/4 km than any other city. A culmination point was reached in 2010 with the completion of the Burj Khalifa
(Khalifa Tower), now by far the world's tallest building at 829.84 m
(2,722.57 ft). The Burj Khalifa's design is derived from the patterning
systems embodied in Islamic architecture, with the triple-lobed
footprint of the building based on an abstracted version of the desert
flower hymenocallis which is native to the Dubai region.[104]
The completion of the Khalifa Tower, following the construction boom
that began in the 1980s, accelerated in the 1990s, and took on a rapid
pace of construction unparalled in modern human history during the
decade of the 2000s, leaves Dubai with the world's tallest skyline as of
4 January 2010.[105][106]
[edit] Burj al Arab
The Burj Al Arab (Arabic: برج العرب, Tower of the Arabs) is the only 7 star luxury hotel in the world. It is located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and managed by the Jumeirah Group
and built by Said Khalil. Its construction started in 1994 and ended in
1999. It was designed by Tom Wright of WS Atkins PLC. The hotel cost
$650,000,000 to build. At 321 metres (1,053 ft) and 60 floors, it was
the tallest building used exclusively as a hotel until being succeeded
by Rose Rayhaan by Rotana
in 23 December 2009, again in Dubai. The Burj Al Arab stands on an
artificial island 280 metres (919 ft) out from Jumeirah beach, and is
connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. It is an iconic
structure, designed to symbolize Dubai's urban transformation and to
mimic the sail of a boat.
Burj Al Arab characterizes itself as the world's only "7-star"
property, a designation considered by travel professionals to be
hyperbole. All major travel guides and hotel rating systems have a
5-star maximum, which some hotels attempt to out-do by ascribing
themselves "6-star" status. Yet according to the Burj Al Arab's official
site, the hotel is a "5-star deluxe hotel".
The Burj Al Arab was built to resemble the sail of a Dhow, a type of
Arabian vessel. Its design features a steel exoskeleton wrapped around a
reinforced concrete tower. Two wings spread in a V to form a vast mast,
while the space between them is enclosed in a massive atrium by a
teflon-coated fibreglass sail. During the day, the white fabric allows a
soft, milky light inside the hotel, whereas a clear, glass front would
produce blinding amounts of glare and a constantly increasing
temperature. At night, both inside and outside, the fabric is lit by
colour changing lights. Near the top of the building is a suspended
helipad supported by a cantilever which has featured some of the hotel's
notable publicity events.
The hotel's interior was designed by Kunan Chew. It features the
tallest atrium lobby in the world at 180 metres. It is formed by the
building's V-shaped span, dominates the interior of the hotel, and takes
up over 1/3 of the interior space. Despite its size, the Burj Al Arab
holds only 28 double-story floors which accommodate 202 bedroom suites.
It is one of the most expensive hotels in the world. The cost of staying
at a suite begins at $1,000 per night. The Royal Suite is the most
expensive, at $28,000 per night.
One of its restaurants, Al Muntaha, is located 200 metres above the
Persian Gulf, offering a view of Dubai. It is supported by a full
cantilever that extends 27 metres from either side of the mast, and is
accessed by a panoramic elevator. Another restaurant, the Al Mahara,
which is accessed by a simulated submarine voyage, features a large
seawater aquarium, holding roughly 35,000 cubic feet (990 m3) of water. The tank, made of acrylic glass in order to withstand the water pressure, is about 18 centimetres thick.
[edit] Sanitation issues
Currently, human waste is collected daily from thousands of septic
tanks across the city and driven by tankers to the city's only sewage
treatment plant at Al-Awir. Dubai's rapid growth means that it is
stretching its limited sewage treatment infrastructure to its limits.
Because of the long queues and delays, some tanker drivers resort to
illegally dumping the effluent into storm drains or behind dunes in the
desert. Sewage dumped into storm drains flows directly into the Persian
Gulf, near the city's prime swimming beaches. Doctors have warned that
tourists using the beaches run the risk of contracting serious illnesses
like typhoid and hepatitis.[107]
Dubai municipality says that it is committed to catching the culprits
and has imposed fines of up to $25,000 and threatened to confiscate
tankers if dumping persists. The municipality maintains that test
results show samples of the water are "within the standard".[108]
[edit] Transportation
Main article: Transportation in Dubai
A Dubai Bus in Dubai Marina
Terminal 3 at Dubai International Airport is the second largest building in the world by floor space[109]
The Red Line on the Dubai Metro. The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula.[110]
Transport in Dubai is controlled by the Roads and Transport
authority. The public transport network faces huge congestion and
reliability issues which a large investment programme is attempting to
address, including over AED 70 billion of improvements planned for
completion by 2020, when the population of the city is projected to
exceed 3.5 million.[111] In 2009, according to Dubai Municipality statistics, there were an estimated 1,021,880 cars in Dubai.[112] In January 2010, the number of Dubai residents who use public transport stood at 6%.[113]
Although the government has invested heavily in the Dubai's road
infrastructure, this has not kept pace with the increasing number of
vehicles. This, coupled with the induced traffic phenomenon, has led to growing problems of congestion.[114]
[edit] Road
Five main routes – E 11 (Sheikh Zayed Road), E 311 (Emirates Road), E 44 (Dubai-Hatta Highway), E 77 (Dubai-Al Habab Road) and E 66
(Oud Metha Road) – run through Dubai, connecting the city to other
towns and emirates. Additionally, several important intra-city routes,
such as D 89 (Al Maktoum Road/Airport Road), D 85 (Baniyas Road), D 75 (Sheikh Rashid Road), D 73 (Al Dhiyafa Road), D 94 (Jumeirah Road) and D 92
(Al Khaleej/Al Wasl Road) connect the various localities in the city.
The eastern and western sections of the city are connected by Al Maktoum Bridge, Al Garhoud Bridge, Al Shindagha Tunnel, Business Bay Crossing and Floating Bridge.[115]
The Public Bus Transport system in Dubai is run by the Roads and
Transport Authority (RTA). The bus system services 140 routes and
transported over 109 million people in 2008. By the end of 2010, there
will be 2,100 buses in service across the city.[116]
In 2006, the Transport authority announced the construction of 500
air-conditioned (A/C) Passenger Bus Shelters, and planned for 1,000 more
across the emirates in a move to encourage the use of public buses.[117]
Dubai also has an extensive taxi system, by far the most frequently used means of public transport within the Emirate.[118][unreliable source?]
Dubai Taxi Corporation operates the taxi services as part of the Roads
& Transport Authority. There are both government-operated and
private cab companies. The DTC taxis are easily identifiable with their
cream color.[119]
There are more than 3000 taxis operating within the emirate. Taxi cabs
in Dubai make an average of 192,000 trips every day, lifting about
385,000 persons. In 2009 taxi trips exceeded 70 million trips serving
around 140.45 million passengers.[120][121]
[edit] Air
Dubai International Airport (IATA: DXB), the hub for the Emirates Airline, serves the city of Dubai and other emirates in the country. The airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic handling 40.9 million passengers in 2009. The airport was also the 6th busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic.[122] In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub, the airport is the 7th busiest cargo airport in world, handling 1.927 million tonnes of cargo in 2009, a 5.6% increase compared to 2008[123] and was also the 4th busiest International freight traffic airport in world.[124] Emirates Airline
is the national airline of Dubai. As of 2009, it operated
internationally serving 101 destinations in 61 countries across six
continents.[125]
The development of Al Maktoum International Airport
was announced in 2004. The first phase of the airport, featuring one
A380 capable runway, 64 remote stands, one cargo terminal with annual
capacity for 250,000 tonnes of cargo and a passenger terminal building
designed to accommodate five million passengers per year, has been
opened.[126]
When completed, Dubai World Central-Al Maktoum International will be
the largest airport in the world with five runways, four terminal
buildings and capacity for 160 million passengers and 12 million tons of
cargo.[127]
[edit] Metro rail
A $3.89 billion Dubai Metro
project is currently operational. It currently consists of two lines
(Red line and Green line) which run through the major financial and
residential areas of the city. The Metro system was partially opened on
September 2009.[128] UK-based international service company Serco Group
is responsible for operating the metro. Dubai Metro is the world's
second cheapest metro transportation system after Tehran Metro in Iran.[129] The metro comprises the Green Line from Al Rashidiya to the main city center and the Red Line from the airport to Jebel Ali. A Blue and a Purple Line
have also been planned. As of 2005, the Dubai Metro (Green and Blue
Lines) will have 70 km (43.5 mi) of track and 43 stations, 37 above
ground and ten underground.[130] The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula.[110]
[edit] Palm Jumeirah Monorail
Main article: Palm Jumeirah Monorail
The Palm Jumeirah Monorail is a monorail line on the Palm Jumeirah. It connects the Palm Jumeirah to the mainland, with a planned further extension to the Red Line of the Dubai Metro.[131] The line opened on 30 April 2009.[132]
Two trams systems are expected to be built in Dubai by 2011. The first
is the Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System and the second is the Al Sufouh
Tram. The Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System is a 4.6 km (2.86 mi) tram
service that is planned to service the area around the Burj Khalifa, and
the second tram will run 14.5 km (9 mi) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai
Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates.
Dubai has announced it will complete a link of the UAE high speed
rail system which will eventually hook up with the whole GCC and then
possibly Europe. The High Speed Rail will serve passengers and cargo.[133][134]
[edit] Waterways
There are two major commercial ports in Dubai, Port Rashid and Port Jebel Ali. Port Jebel Ali is the world's largest man-made harbour, the biggest port in the Middle East,[135] and the 7th-busiest port in the world.[82] One of the more traditional methods of getting across Bur Dubai to Deira is by abras, small boats that ferry passengers across the Dubai Creek, between abra stations in Bastakiya and Baniyas Road.[136]
The Marine Transport Agency has also implemented the Dubai Water Bus
System. Water bus is a fully air conditioned boat service across
selected destinations across the creek. One can also avail oneself of
the tourist water bus facility in Dubai. Latest addition to the water
transport system is the Water Taxi.[137]
[edit] Culture
See also: Culture of the United Arab Emirates
The UAE culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam and traditional Arab and Bedouin
culture. In contrast, the city of Dubai is a highly cosmopolitan
society with a diverse and vibrant culture. The influence of Islamic and
Arab culture on its architecture, music, attire, cuisine and lifestyle
are very prominent as well. Five times every day, Muslims are called to
prayer from the minarets
of mosques which are scattered around the country. Since 2006, the
weekend has been Friday-Saturday, as a compromise between Friday's
holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend of Saturday-Sunday.[138]
In 2005, 84% of the population of metropolitan Dubai was foreign-born, about half of them from India.[68]
The city's cultural imprint as a small, ethnically homogenous pearling
community was changed with the arrival of other ethnic groups and
nationals—first by the Iranians in the early 1900s, and later by Indians
and Pakistanis in the 1960s.
Major holidays in Dubai include Eid al Fitr, which marks the end of Ramadan, and National Day (2 December ), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates. Annual entertainment events such as the Dubai Shopping Festival[139] (DSF) and Dubai Summer Surprises (DSS) attract over 4 million visitors from across the region and generate revenues in excess of $2.7 billion.[140][141] Large shopping malls in the city, such as Deira City Centre, Mirdiff City Centre, BurJuman, Mall of the Emirates, Dubai Mall and Ibn Battuta Mall as well as traditional souks attract shoppers from the region.
[edit] Food
Arabic food is very popular and is available everywhere in the city, from the small shawarma diners in Deira and Al Karama
to the restaurants in Dubai's hotels. Fast food, South Asian, and
Chinese cuisines are also very popular and are widely available. The
sale and consumption of pork, though not illegal, is regulated and is
sold only to non-Muslims, in designated areas of supermarkets and
airports.[142]
Similarly, the sale of alcoholic beverages is regulated. A liquor
permit is required to purchase alcohol; however, alcohol is available in
bars and restaurants within hotels.[143] Shisha and qahwa
boutiques are also popular in Dubai. Dubai is known for its nightlife.
Clubs and bars are found mostly in hotels due to the liquor laws. The New York Times
described Dubai as "the kind of city where you might run into Michael
Jordan at the Buddha Bar or stumble across Naomi Campbell celebrating
her birthday with a multiday bash".[144]
[edit] Dress and etiquette
The Islamic dress code is not compulsory, unlike in neighbouring Saudi Arabia. Most Emirati males prefer to wear a kandura, an ankle-length white shirt woven from wool or cotton, and most Emirati women wear an abaya, a black over-garment covering most parts of the body.[145] This attire is particularly well-suited for the UAE's hot and dry climate[citation needed].
Western-style clothing is, however, dominant because of the large
expatriate population, and this practice is beginning to grow in
popularity among Emiratis.
Etiquette is an important aspect of UAE culture and tradition, to
which visitors are expected to conform. Recently, many expatriates have
disregarded the law and been arrested for indecent clothing, or lack
thereof, at beaches.[146]
Western-style dress is tolerated in appropriate places, such as bars or
clubs, but the UAE has maintained a strict policy of protecting highly
public spaces from cultural insensitivity.
[edit] Entertainment
See also: Music of the United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates is a part of the khaliji tradition, and is also known for Bedouin folk music.[147]
During celebrations singing and dancing also take place and many of the
traditional songs and dances have survived to the present time. Yowalah
is the traditional dance of the UAE. Young girls would dance by
swinging their long black hair and swaying their bodies in time to the
strong beat of the music. Men would re-enact battles fought or
successful hunting expeditions, often symbolically using sticks, swords
or rifles.[148]
Hollywood and Indian movies are popular in Dubai. Since 2004, the city has hosted the annual Dubai International Film Festival which serves as a showcase for Arab film making talent.[149] Musicians Amr Diab, Diana Haddad, Tarkan, Aerosmith, Santana, Mark Knopfler, Elton John, Pink, Shakira, Celine Dion, Coldplay, Keane, Phil Collins, Kavita Krishnamurthy, A R Rahman, Roxette[150] have performed in the city.[143] Kylie Minogue was reportedly paid 3.5 million dollars to perform at the opening of the Atlantis resort on 20 November 2008.[151] The Dubai Desert Rock Festival is also another major festival consisting of Heavy metal and rock artists.
[edit] Sports
See also: Traditional Sports in UAE
Football and cricket are the most popular sports in Dubai. five teams (Al Wasl FC, Al-Ahli Dubai, Al Nasr SC, Al Shabab Al Arabi Club and Dubai Club) represent Dubai in UAE Pro-League.[143]
Al-Wasl have the second-most number of championships in the UAE League,
after Al Ain. Cricket is followed by Dubai's large community of Indians
and the residents from other cricket playing nations (Sri Lanka,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, England, Australia and South Africa). In 2005, the
International Cricket Council (ICC) moved its headquarters from London
to Dubai. The city has hosted several Pakistan matches and two new grass
grounds are being developed in Dubai Sports City.[152] Dubai also hosts both the annual Dubai Tennis Championships
and The Legends Rock Dubai tennis tournaments, as well as the Dubai
Desert Classic golf tournament and the Dubai World Championship, all of
which attract sports stars from around the world. The Dubai World Cup, a
thoroughbred horse race, is held annually at the Meydan Racecourse.
Dubai also hosts the traditional rugby union tournament Dubai Sevens, part of the Sevens World Series. In 2009, Dubai hosted the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens.
[edit] Potential Olympic bid
Dubai had expressed great interest in a 2020 Olympic bid but had not
formally announced it would bid. Dubai's hosting of Sportaccord 2010 has
been a great way to show off Dubai's sport infrastructure. Dubai has
already won the rights to host the 10th FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m).[153]
Statement from Dubai's ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum: "We
will have to take an honest look at our weaknesses as well as our
strengths," Sheikh Mohammed said on 25 April. "I can assure you of this,
though: if we decide to make a bid for the Olympics, we will be in it
to win".[154] On 29 July 2011, it was announced that Dubai would not bid for the 2020 Olympics but would instead focus on bidding for the 2024 Games (similar to Toronto).[155] As reported by Olympic news outlet Around the Rings,
the United Arab Emirates Olympic Committee shifted the focus to 2024,
event though "...as much of 70 percent of the 'hard' infrastructure was
already in place or planned." Dubai is also looking into the possibility
of bidding for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.[156]
[edit] Education
Main article: Education in Dubai
The school system in Dubai follows that of the United Arab Emirates.
As of 2009, there are 79 public schools run by the Ministry of Education
that serve Emiratis and expatriate Arab people as well as 145 private
schools.[66]
The medium of instruction in public schools is Arabic with emphasis on
English as a second language, while most of the private schools use
English as their medium of instruction. Most private schools cater to
one or more expatriate communities.
The New Indian Model School, Dubai (NIMS), Delhi Private School, Our
Own English High School, the Dubai Modern High School, and The Indian
High School, Dubai offer either a CBSE or an Indian Certificate of
Secondary Education Indian syllabus. Similarly, there are also several
reputable Pakistani schools offering FBISE curriculum for expatriate
children.[157]
Dubai English Speaking School, Jumeirah Primary School, Jebel Ali
Primary School, Cambridge International School, Jumeirah English
Speaking School, King's School and the Horizon School all offer British
primary education up to the age of eleven. Dubai Gem Private School, Dubai British School,
Dubai College, English College Dubai, Jumeirah English Speaking School –
Arabian Ranches, Jumeirah College and St. Mary's Catholic High School
are British eleven-to-eighteen secondary schools offering General
Certificate of Secondary Education and A-Levels. Emirates International
School, Cambridge High School and Wellington International School
provides full student education up to the age of 18, and offers
International General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-Levels.
Deira International School, Dubai International Academy and Jumeirah
English Speaking School offer the International Baccalaureate program
with the IGCSE program. Dubai American Academy, American School of Dubai
and the Universal American School of Dubai offer curriculum of the
United States.[157]
The Ministry of Education of the United Arab Emirates is responsible for accreditation of schools.
The Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA) was established
in 2006 to develop education and human resource sectors in Dubai, and
license educational institutes.[158]
Approximately 10% of the population has university or postgraduate
degrees. Many expatriates tend to send their children back to their home
country or to Western countries for university education and to India
for technology studies. However, a sizeable number of foreign accredited
universities have been set up in the city over the last ten years. Some
of these universities include Manchester Business School,[159] RIT Dubai, Michigan State University Dubai (MSU Dubai),[160] Middlesex University Dubai campus,[161]
the Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani – Dubai (BITS
Pilani), Murdoch University Dubai, Heriot-Watt University Dubai, Hult
International Business School, American University in Dubai (AUD), Gulf
Medical University Gulf Medical College,
the American College of Dubai, Mahatma Gandhi University (Off-Campus
Centre), Institute of Management Technology – Dubai Campus, SP Jain
Center Of Management, University of Wollongong in Dubai, University of
Waterloo - UAE Campus, and MAHE Manipal. In 2004, the Dubai School of
Government in collaboration with Harvard University's John F. Kennedy
School of Government and Harvard Medical School Dubai Center (HMSDC)
were established in Dubai. In 2010 London College of Fashion
began to run its twice-yearly portfolio of fashion short courses. The
Dubai Public Libraries is the public library system in Dubai.[162]
[edit] Media
See also: Radio and television channels of Dubai
Dubai has a well-established network, radio, television and
electronic media which serve the city. Dubai is the home of the Arabian
Radio Network, which broadcasts eight FM radio stations including the
first talk radio station in the Middle East, Dubai Eye 103.8.
Dubai-based FM radio stations such as Radio 1 and Radio 2 (104.1 and
99.3), Dubai92 (92.0), Al Khaleejia (100.9) and Hit FM (96.7) provide
programming in English, Arabic and South Asian languages. Multiple
international channels available through cable, while satellite, radio
and local channels are provided via the Arabian Radio Network and Dubai
Media Incorporated systems. The UAE's most popular English radio
station, Channel 4 FM, took to the air in 1997 and became the UAE's first private commercial radio station.
Many international news agencies such as Reuters, APTN, Bloomberg
L.P. and Middle East Broadcasting Center (MBC) as well as network news
channels operate in Dubai Media City and Dubai Internet City.
Additionally, several local network television channels such as Dubai
One (formerly Channel 33), and Dubai TV (EDTV) provide programming in
English and Arabic respectively. Dubai is also the headquarters for
several print media outlets. Dar Al Khaleej, Al Bayan and Al Ittihad are the city's largest circulating Arabic language newspapers,[163] while Gulf News and 7DAYS are the largest circulating English newspapers.[164]
Etisalat, the government-owned telecommunications provider, held a
virtual monopoly over telecommunication services in Dubai prior to the
establishment of other, smaller telecommunications companies such as
Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (EITC—better known as Du)
in 2006. Internet was introduced into the UAE (and therefore Dubai) in
1995. The current network has an Internet bandwidth of 7.5 Gbit/s with
capacity of 49 STM1 links.[165] Dubai houses two of four Domain Name System (DNS) data centres in the country (DXBNIC1, DXBNIC2).[166]
Censorship is common in Dubai and used by the government to control
content that it believes violates the cultural and political
sensitivities of Emirates.[167] Homosexuality, drugs, and the theory of evolution are generally considered taboo.[143][168]
Internet content is regulated in Dubai. Etisalat uses a proxy server
to filter Internet content that the government deems to be inconsistent
with the values of the country, such as sites that provide information
on how to bypass the proxy; sites pertaining to dating, gay and lesbian
networks, and pornography; sites pertaining to the Bahá'í Faith and sites originating from Israel.[169]
Emirates Media and Internet (a division of Etisalat) notes that as of
2002, 76% of Internet users are male. About 60% of Internet users were
Asian, while 25% of users were Arab. Dubai enacted an Electronic
Transactions and Commerce Law in 2002 which deals with digital
signatures and electronic registers. It prohibits Internet Service
Providers (ISPs) from disclosing information gathered in providing
services.[170]
The penal code contains official provisions that prohibit digital
access to pornography; however, it does not address cyber crime or data
protection.[171]
[edit] International relations
[edit] Twin towns and sister cities
|
Dubai sister/twin cities list</ref>
|
[edit] Gallery
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Dubai Marina at night
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Dubai skyline at night
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Aerial view of the Jumeirah Beach Hotel
-
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Deira by night
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Dubai skyline (2010)
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Dubai Media City on 1 May 2007
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Deira Fish market, Dubai on 06 October 2011
-
Hotel Atlantis
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Night Dubai from Burj Khalifa
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